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Field
studies
Definition
Observing users in their natural environment to understand real-life interactions with a product or service.
When to Use
Conduct field studies to observe users in their real environment to capture authentic behaviors.
How to Perform
1. Define goals and decide on the context to study.
2. Prepare observation guidelines.
3. Observe and take notes without interrupting.
4. Analyze data for insights.
Template Sources
Nielsen Norman Group and UX Design Institute provide downloadable field study templates.
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Customer
feedback
Definition
Collecting feedback directly from users about their experience with your product.
When to Use
Use customer feedback to understand user satisfaction and identify areas needing improvement.
How to Perform
1. Use surveys, reviews, or customer service channels to gather feedback.
2. Analyze feedback for recurring themes.
3. Make design adjustments based on user suggestions.
Template Sources
Intercom, Qualtrics, and Zendesk can help collect customer feedback.
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Desirability
studies
Definition
Testing that focuses on the emotional appeal of a design to determine how desirable users find it.
When to Use
Use desirability studies to ensure your design evokes the desired emotional response.
How to Perform
1. Present users with the design.
2. Ask for feedback on aesthetics, appeal, and preferences.
3. Use results to improve the design’s emotional resonance.
Template Sources
Tools like UsabilityHub and Qualtrics can be used for desirability studies.
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Session
recording
Definition
Recording user sessions to observe behaviors and understand where they encounter issues.
When to Use
Use session recordings to gather qualitative insights on user interactions.
How to Perform
1. Use software to record interactions on the screen.
2. Review recordings for insights on usability issues.
3. Use findings to improve problem areas in the design.
Template Sources
Hotjar, FullStory, and Smartlook offer session recording tools.
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Analytics
reviews
Definition
Analyzing website or app analytics data to understand user behavior and make informed design decisions.
When to Use
Use analytics reviews for data-driven insights into user behavior.
How to Perform
1. Review metrics (e.g., bounce rate, time on page).
2. Identify trends and areas needing improvement.
3. Apply insights to refine design or content.
Template Sources
Google Analytics, Mixpanel, and Heap Analytics provide robust tracking and analysis tools.
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Click
tracking
Definition
Recording where users click within a webpage or app to see which elements attract attention.
When to Use
Use click tracking to identify popular and underutilized areas in your interface.
How to Perform
1. Install click-tracking software.
2. Collect data on click patterns and frequency.
3. Use insights to improve layout and interaction design.
Template Sources
Crazy Egg, Hotjar, and FullStory offer click-tracking features.
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Eye
tracking
Definition
A technique that measures where users look on a screen to understand attention and visual focus.
When to Use
Use eye tracking to optimize layouts and visual hierarchy.
How to Perform
1. Use eye-tracking software or hardware to track users’ gaze.
2. Analyze heatmaps to see where users focus most.
3. Make design changes to emphasize key areas.
Template Sources
Tobii, Lookback, and Gaze Recorder support eye-tracking tests.
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A/B
testing
Definition
A method that compares two versions of a design to see which performs better.
When to Use
Use A/B testing to test small changes and choose the most effective design option.
How to Perform
1. Create two versions of a design element (A and B).
2. Randomly assign users to each version.
3. Measure performance metrics (e.g., clicks, conversions) to determine the winner.
Template Sources
Optimizely, Google Optimize, and Adobe Target provide A/B testing tools.
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Surveys
Definition
A set of questions sent to users to gather quantitative and qualitative data about their experience and preferences.
When to Use
Use surveys to gather feedback from a larger audience about user needs, preferences, or pain points.
How to Perform
1. Draft concise, clear questions aligned with your goals.
2. Distribute the survey to target users.
3. Analyze responses for trends and actionable insights.
Template Sources
Google Forms, Typeform, and SurveyMonkey offer survey templates.
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Usability
Benchmarking
Definition
Setting measurable usability standards to compare a product’s performance over time or against similar products.
When to Use
Use usability benchmarking to evaluate progress in improving user experience.
How to Perform
1. Define metrics (e.g., task completion rate, time on task).
2. Conduct initial tests to set baseline data.
3. Use benchmarks to track improvements over time or against competitors.
Template Sources
Tools like Google Analytics, Crazy Egg, and Hotjar can assist in gathering benchmarking data.
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Cognitive
walkthrough
Definition
A usability evaluation where designers or experts walk through tasks to anticipate potential user challenges and errors.
When to Use
Use cognitive walkthroughs early in the design process to identify usability issues before user testing.
How to Perform
1. Define tasks from a new user’s perspective.
2. Step through each task, considering how easily a user could understand it.
3. Identify areas of confusion or obstacles and note suggestions for improvement.
Template Sources
UX tools like Lucidchart and Figma can help structure task flows for cognitive walkthroughs.
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Unmoderated
testing
Definition
Testing without a facilitator, where users complete tasks independently.
When to Use
Use unmoderated testing to reach a larger audience remotely.
How to Perform
1. Set up tasks and questions for users.
2. Let users complete tasks without guidance.
3. Analyze data to improve UX.
Template Sources
Maze, UserZoom, and UserTesting support unmoderated testing.
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Participatory
design
Definition
Involving users directly in the design process.
When to Use
Use participatory design for user-centered solutions.
How to Perform
1. Include users in brainstorming or prototyping.
2. Gather ideas and feedback firsthand.
3. Refine design based on user input.
Template Sources
Miro and Figma for collaborative workshops.
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Heuristic
evaluation
Definition
An expert review of a product’s usability based on predefined heuristics.
When to Use
Use heuristic evaluations to identify usability issues in a structured way.
How to Perform
1. Define heuristics (e.g., Nielsen’s 10 usability heuristics).
2. Evaluate the design for compliance.
3. Document issues for improvement.
Template Sources
Nielsen Norman Group provides guidelines on heuristics.
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Moderated
testing
Definition
Testing with a facilitator present to guide users through tasks.
When to Use
Use moderated testing for in-depth feedback with direct user interaction.
How to Perform
1. Prepare tasks and questions.
2. Guide users and observe their interactions.
3. Collect detailed feedback for improvement.
Template Sources
Lookback, UserTesting, and Zoom for remote moderated sessions.
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Paper
prototypes
Definition
Basic, low-fidelity sketches used to test concepts quickly.
When to Use
Use early in the design process for rapid testing and feedback.
How to Perform
1. Sketch screens on paper.
2. Have users “navigate” the paper prototype.
3. Note feedback and refine.
Template Sources
No software needed—only pen and paper.
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Guerilla
testing
Definition
Quick, informal testing conducted in public spaces.
When to Use
Use guerilla testing for quick feedback with minimal setup.
How to Perform
1. Approach people and ask them to complete a task.
2. Observe and take notes on behavior.
3. Use feedback to make rapid adjustments.
Template Sources
Any prototype tool (Figma, Adobe XD) can be used for guerilla testing.
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5-Second
test
Definition
A quick test to capture users’ first impressions of a design.
When to Use
Use early in design to ensure key messages are clear.
How to Perform
1. Show the design for 5 seconds.
2. Ask users what they remember or thought about it.
3. Use feedback to evaluate clarity.
Template Sources
UsabilityHub and Lookback have 5-second test features.
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First click
test
Definition
A usability test to see where users click first when trying to complete a task.
When to Use
Use to evaluate the intuitiveness of the design's clickable elements.
How to Perform
1. Present users with a screen or layout.
2. Ask them to complete a task.
3. Track the first click to determine usability.
Template Sources
UsabilityHub and Maze support first click testing.
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Wizard
of oz
Definition
A method where a human secretly simulates the product’s functionality to test it with users.
When to Use
Use for testing complex ideas before building backend systems.
How to Perform
1. Define the tasks and functionality.
2. Use a human “operator” to simulate responses.
3. Gather insights without building complex tech.
Template Sources
Can be facilitated with basic prototyping tools like Figma and Miro.
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Service
blueprint
Definition
A visual map that outlines the full process of service delivery, both user-facing and behind-the-scenes.
When to Use
Use service blueprints to design or optimize complex, service-based experiences.
How to Perform
1. Define user actions and touchpoints.
2. Map supporting activities and systems.
3. Identify opportunities to improve service.
Template Sources
Miro, UXPressia, and Lucidchart offer templates for service blueprints.
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Concept
testing
Definition
Testing early-stage ideas or concepts to get user feedback before investing in development.
When to Use
Use concept testing before committing to new ideas to ensure they resonate with users.
How to Perform
1. Present users with the concept.
2. Gather feedback on feasibility and value.
3. Refine based on insights.
Template Sources
UsabilityHub and Google Forms for simple concept testing surveys.
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Cognitive
map
Definition
A mental model that visualizes how users understand and relate concepts within a system.
When to Use
Use cognitive maps to design information architecture that aligns with user expectations.
How to Perform
1. Identify related concepts and tasks.
2. Map connections based on user mental models.
3. Use to align your design with users’ understanding.
Template Sources
Miro, Lucidchart, and Coggle offer templates for cognitive mapping.
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Scenario
map
Definition
A map that outlines hypothetical user situations and their paths to achieving goals.
When to Use
Use scenario maps during ideation to visualize how users might interact with your product.
How to Perform
1. Define a user scenario and goal.
2. Map steps and interactions to reach the goal.
3. Use it to refine paths and highlight improvements.
Template Sources
Miro, Mural, and Figma support scenario mapping.
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User
journey
Definition
A visual representation of the user’s experience across different stages of interaction.
When to Use
Use a user journey map to understand and improve the overall experience.
How to Perform
1. Define key stages from awareness to post-use.
2. Outline user actions, feelings, and pain points.
3. Identify areas to improve or optimize.
Template Sources
UXPressia, Miro, and Adobe XD offer user journey templates.
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Card
sorting
Definition
A technique where users organize items into categories that make sense to them.
When to Use
Use card sorting to inform information architecture decisions.
How to Perform
1. Create a list of content or features.
2. Have users group items and label categories.
3. Use insights to structure your site or app.
Template Sources
Optimal Workshop and UXPressia provide card sorting templates.
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Tree
testing
Definition
A usability technique to evaluate how well users can find information within a website’s hierarchy.
When to Use
Use tree testing when designing or validating site navigation.
How to Perform
1. Present users with a simplified menu structure.
2. Give them tasks to locate specific items.
3. Analyze success rates and adjust structure as needed.
Template Sources
Optimal Workshop and Maze offer tools for tree testing.
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User
flows
Definition
A diagram that shows the steps users take to complete a task in a product.
When to Use
Use user flows during the design phase to visualize and optimize paths.
How to Perform
1. Identify the starting point and end goal.
2. Map out each step and decision point along the way.
3. Use it to streamline user paths and remove obstacles.
Template Sources
Figma, Adobe XD, and Lucidchart have templates for user flows.
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Mind
map
Definition
A visual tool that organizes ideas and concepts around a central topic.
When to Use
Use mind maps during brainstorming sessions to organize thoughts and ideas.
How to Perform
1. Start with a main idea in the center.
2. Branch out related ideas and subtopics.
3. Use it to explore all related aspects of a concept.
Template Sources
Miro, Lucidchart, and MindMeister offer mind-mapping templates.
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Customer journey
map
Definition
A visualization of the user’s journey through each stage of interaction with the product.
When to Use
Use journey maps to outline the user’s interactions, emotions, and pain points across the journey.
How to Perform
1. Define the key stages and touchpoints.
2. Outline user goals, actions, and emotions at each stage.
3. Identify pain points to improve.
Template Sources
UXPressia, Miro, and Adobe XD offer journey mapping templates.
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Problem
statement
Definition
A clear definition of the problem being solved.
When to Use
Use a problem statement to clarify the main challenge your design aims to address.
How to Perform
1. Identify the user, need, and problem.
2. Craft a statement that outlines the core issue.
3. Use the problem statement as a focal point.
Template Sources
Design Thinking and IDEO websites provide templates for crafting problem statements.
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Assumption
map
Definition
A tool to organize and prioritize assumptions that need validation.
When to Use
Use assumption maps to prioritize assumptions that need validation.
How to Perform
1. List assumptions about users and product success.
2. Map assumptions on a grid of importance and certainty.
3. Test high-impact, uncertain assumptions first.
Template Sources
Miro and UXPin have assumption mapping templates.
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Experience
map
Definition
A visual that outlines the end-to-end user journey and touchpoints.
When to Use
Use experience maps to visualize the user journey and touchpoints across a product.
How to Perform
1. Identify all touchpoints from start to finish.
2. Map emotions and actions for each stage.
3. Analyze for opportunities to improve experience.
Template Sources
Smaply, UXPressia, and Miro offer experience map templates.
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POV
statement
Definition
A focused statement articulating the user’s problem.
When to Use
Create POV statements to distill a user’s core problem and need into a focused insight.
How to Perform
1. Define the user, need, and insight.
2. Create a statement: “User needs a way to… because…”
3. Use it to guide ideation.
Template Sources
IDEO and Stanford d.school provide POV statement frameworks.
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Empathy
map
Definition
A visual tool to understand user emotions, thoughts, and needs.
When to Use
Use empathy maps to capture users’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
How to Perform
1. Draw a map with sections: Think, Feel, Say, Do.
2. Populate each section with insights about users.
3. Use it to design with empathy.
Template Sources
Miro, Mural, and UXPressia have empathy map templates.
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Task
analysis
Definition
Breaking down tasks to understand user actions and goals.
When to Use
Conduct task analysis when you need to understand specific actions users take to accomplish goals.
How to Perform
1. Identify key tasks users perform.
2. Break tasks down into individual steps.
3. Analyze steps for usability improvements.
Template Sources
Nielsen Norman Group and Lucidchart offer task analysis templates.
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Storyboards
Definition
Visual narratives showing a user’s journey through a product.
When to Use
Use storyboards to visually map out the user’s journey through a product.
How to Perform
1. Define key moments in the user journey.
2. Create a series of images representing each step.
3. Use the storyboard to visualize and improve user flow.
Template Sources
Canva and Adobe XD provide storyboard templates.
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Affinity
map
Definition
Grouping research findings into categories to identify themes.
When to Use
Use affinity mapping to organize data and identify patterns after user research.
How to Perform
1. Gather research notes.
2. Cluster related ideas into groups.
3. Label groups with themes to identify patterns.
Template Sources
Miro and Mural have templates specifically for affinity mapping exercises.
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User
stories
Definition
Short statements from the user’s perspective describing a need or task.
When to Use
Use user stories to outline user needs from a development perspective, especially in agile projects.
How to Perform
1. Identify a user need or task.
2. Write a user story using “As a [user], I want to [do something] so that [goal].”
3. Use stories to prioritize features.
Template Sources
Jira and Trello include templates for writing user stories.
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Narraitives
Definition
Storytelling techniques to describe user experiences and emotional journeys.
When to Use
Use narratives to create relatable stories that convey user experiences.
How to Perform
1. Use insights from research to create a story.
2. Describe a user's journey with emotions and actions.
3. Use the narrative to empathize and guide designs.
Template Sources
Miro and Milanote have narrative storytelling templates for UX.
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Persona
Definition
A fictional representation of a user archetype based on research to inform design decisions.
When to Use
Create personas to represent user archetypes, guiding design decisions and empathizing with the target audience.
How to Perform
1. Analyze user data to find common patterns.
2. Develop a fictional character that embodies these traits.
3. Use the persona to guide design decisions.
Template Sources
UXPressia, Figma, and Adobe XD offer customizable persona templates.
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Stakeholder
interviews
Definition
Talking to stakeholders to gather requirements, expectations, and constraints for the project.
When to Use
Conduct stakeholder interviews at the start of a project to understand business goals and priorities.
How to Perform
1. Define objectives and prepare questions.
2. Schedule and conduct interviews with stakeholders.
3. Summarize key insights and prioritize them in the design process.
Template Sources
Miro and Lucidchart provide templates for stakeholder interview frameworks.
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Customer
feedback
Definition
Collecting input from users about their experiences to understand their satisfaction and pain points.
When to Use
Use customer feedback to gain insight into users' likes, dislikes, and improvement suggestions.
How to Perform
1. Define the objective and target audience.
2. Write clear, unbiased questions.
3. Choose a survey platform.
4. Distribute the survey to the audience.
5. Analyze responses to identify trends.
Template Sources
Customer feedback platforms like Qualtrics and SurveyMonkey have customizable templates.
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Contextual
inquiry
Definition
Observing users and asking questions in their environment to understand their workflows and challenges.
When to Use
Use contextual inquiry to observe and understand users in the context of their environment.
How to Perform
1. Schedule a session in the user’s environment.
2. Observe them using the product, asking questions as needed.
3. Document findings and analyze for improvement areas.
Template Sources
Nielsen Norman Group and Usertesting.com offer templates for contextual inquiries.
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Analytics
reviews
Definition
Evaluating data from tools like Google Analytics to learn about user behavior on digital platforms.
When to Use
Conduct an analytics review when you want to understand user behaviors on your platform.
How to Perform
1. Identify the key metrics to review.
2. Access your analytics platform and collect data.
3. Interpret data insights to inform decisions.
Template Sources
Built-in templates in platforms like Google Analytics and Amplitude.
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Context
mapping
Definition
Visualizing the user’s context, including factors that influence their experience, to understand their ecosystem.
When to Use
Use context mapping to visualize external factors impacting the user experience.
How to Perform
1. Identify the key elements affecting the user.
2. Create a map that places users in the center with factors around them.
3. Use the map to identify influential factors for product design.
Template Sources
Miro and Mural offer context mapping templates.
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Metrics
analysis
Definition
Reviewing quantitative data (e.g., KPIs) to understand product performance and user behavior.
When to Use
Reviewing quantitative data (e.g., KPIs) to understand product performance and user behavior.
How to Perform
1. Identify relevant metrics (e.g., conversion rate).
2. Use analytics tools to gather data.
3. Analyze data trends and correlate findings to user experience.
Template Sources
Reviewing quantitative data (e.g., KPIs) to understand product performance and user behavior.
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User
Interviews
Definition
One-on-one conversations with users to understand their needs, behaviors, and preferences.
When to Use
Use interviews to gather deep insights into user motivations, preferences, and pain points.
How to Perform
1. Define interview goals and prepare open-ended questions.
2. Recruit participants who represent your target audience.
3. Conduct interviews, asking follow-up questions for clarity.
4. Analyze responses for themes.
Template Sources
Airtable and HubSpot offer user interview templates.
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Diary
Studies
Definition
Users document their experiences over time, revealing insights into their habits and interactions with a product.
When to Use
Diary studies work well for understanding long-term or habitual user behaviors.
How to Perform
1. Decide the duration and frequency for users to record entries.
2. Give users a structured format to log their experiences.
3. Collect entries and analyze them to find patterns.
Template Sources
UX Templates and Dovetail offer templates and tools for diary studies.
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Surveys
Definition
Surveys gather quantitative or qualitative data from a large group of users via a structured set of questions.
When to Use
Use surveys when you need quantitative data or quick feedback from a large group.
How to Perform
1. Define the objective and target audience.
2. Write clear, unbiased questions.
3. Choose a survey platform.
4. Distribute the survey to the audience.
5. Analyze responses to identify trends.
Template Sources
Google Forms, Typeform, and SurveyMonkey offer templates for various survey types.
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